Slide1	INTERPHASE G1 Phase-The cell grows lager, copies organelles and makes molecular building blocks that it will need in the later steps of the cycle S Phase-The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in the nucleus as well as the centrosome, that will help separate DNA during the M phase G2 Phase- The cell grows some more, makes proteins, and organelles as well as recognize the contents needed to prepare for mitosis. This phase ends when mitosis starts.	Mitosis is a processes of cell division that only occurs in eukaryote, in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to each other. There are 4 states of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.	PROPHASE The duplicated chromosomes from interphase condense to become more tightly wound and compact. The mitotic spindle forms around the edges of the dividing cell and is made up of microtubules that lengthen during this phase and helps aid in division by elongating the cell
Metaphase Before this stage begins, there is a period called prometaphase in which the membrane or nuclear envelope that surrounds the chromosomes breaks down to allow the chromosomes to have contact with the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. After, metaphase begins when the chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell	Anaphase During this phase the chromosome pairs or sister chromatids are separated to opposite sides of the cell and are ready to be separated into two cells	Telophase The nuclear envelope that was broken down in Metaphase reforms around each separated chromosome set.	Cytokinesis The elongated cells are pinched into two brand new cells by actin and myosin. The cytoplasm is equally divided between both daughter cells that have identical genetic information containing its own nuclease and a complete copy of the parent cell DNA.

The Cell Cycle

In normal cells, cells divide following the structure of the cell cycle. When normal cells are mutated, genes that are responsible for cell division, growth factors, and proliferation become altered, causing them to lose their function. Cell division is regulated by telomeres located at the end of cells. When cells divide, the telomeres are shortened and when they become too short the cell cannot divide. Cancer cells stop this from occurring by producing the enzyme telomerase, which keeps the telomeres from getting shorter. With this occurring, the G1 phase of the cell cycle is damaged because this stage is what fixed any sort of alteration in genes. If these genes such as telomeres are not fixed, these cells continue to divide and grow. Unrepaired DNA allows mutated cancer cells to continue to proliferate and take nutrients from the normal cells as well as invade the surrounding tissue.

Cancers are classified by the tissues that they affect. Cancerous tumors normally affect epithelia tissues and are known as carcinomas. Other cancerous tumors affect muscle and connective tissues and are called sarcomas. These tumors that develop can either be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are tumors that are not considered to be cancerous and do not pose a threat to the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous and are fatal because they have the ability to metastasize, or migrate to other locations in the body thorough the blood or lymph vessels. Cancers that have the ability to metastasize can cause the cancer to spread and can ultimately end up fatal for the patient. The process of cancer development is represented by the process of carcinogenesis.

The cell cycle is a sequence of growth and division of a cell consisting of a series of biological processes. It involves the duplication DNA resulting in the division of the parent cell, yielding two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes four main stages: interphase is composed of the first 3 phases of the cell cycle which are the G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and the last stage of the cell cycle is the process of mitosis.

Stages of the Cell Cycle

Interphase- This is the preparation phase of the cell cycle. During this phase the cell and the nucleus goes through a series of changes before it can go through division. There are 3 main stages in this phase:
- G1 Phase- or growth phase, is the first stage of interphase. During this stage proteins and enzymes necessary for the S phase for DNA replication are made by using 20 amino acids
- S phase- During this phase, DNA replication occurs. In this phase the amount of DNA in the cell is double and by the end of the phase, all of the chromosomes are replicated.
- G2 phase- In this phase, the cell continues to grow and the G2 checkpoint mechanisms makes sure that the cell is ready to enter the mitosis phase and divides.
Mitosis- is a processes of cell division that only occurs in eukaryote, in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to each other. There are 4 states of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.
Prophase- is the first phase of mitosis. In the nucleus the chromosomes condense and become visible and the nuclear envelope disappears. In the cytoplasm, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disappears.
Metaphase – in this phase of mitosis, the copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle.
Anaphase-in this phase of mitosis, the chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and move to opposite sides of the spindle.
Telophase- in this phase, the nuclear membranes form around each of the two sets of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to spread out and the spindle begins to break down.
Cytokinesis- in this last stage of mitosis, the cell splits into two daughter cells, each

Carcinogenesis

Slide1

INTERPHASE

Mitosis is a processes of cell division that only occurs in eukaryote, in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to each other. There are 4 states of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

PROPHASE

The duplicated chromosomes from interphase condense to become more tightly wound and compact. The mitotic spindle forms around the edges of the dividing cell and is made up of microtubules that lengthen during this phase and helps aid in division by elongating the cell

Metaphase

Anaphase

During this phase the chromosome pairs or sister chromatids are separated to opposite sides of the cell and are ready to be separated into two cells

Telophase

The nuclear envelope that was broken down in Metaphase reforms around each separated chromosome set.

Cytokinesis

The elongated cells are pinched into two brand new cells by actin and myosin. The cytoplasm is equally divided between both daughter cells that have identical genetic information containing its own nuclease and a complete copy of the parent cell DNA.

The Cell Cycle